Padmal's BLOG

DDR3 and DDR4 RAM??? Once I was wondering what is the difference between DDR3 RAM and DDR3L RAM. Since there is a newer DDR4 RAM available nowadays, why there's another DDR3 RAM? Later I found out that it was designed to overcome performance issues with motherboards and processors. I was wondering why all the leading memory manufacturing companies came up with a DDR3L. Basically DDR3 and DDR4 RAM notches are not identical. So you can't fit both RAMs in the same motherboard. But hey what if the current RAM you have is not enough or not fast enough? With current motherboard and processor limitations, the maximum speed a DDR3 RAM can work is 1600 MHz. But a DDR4 RAM can work at a speed starting from 2133 MHz.

Ordinary Differential Equations A differential equation is an equation with $\frac{d^n}{dx^n}$ terms. Let's start with a simple equation with two variables $x$ and $y$. $y = ae^x + be^{3x}$ If we differentiate this in $x$, a first order differential equation comes as $\frac{dy}{dx} = ae^x + 3be^{3x}$ If we differentiate it once more in terms of $x$, a second order differential equation is produced as $\frac{d^2y}{dx^2} = ae^x + 9be^{3x}$ By solving there three equations, we can get an equation without those constant terms $a$ and $b$ and that is called an ordinary differential equation.

Pololu - QTR-8RC Reflectance Sensor Array In line following a sensor array is an essential part in the robot. I have used the QTR-8RC array and it works like a charm. With Arduino libraries it is easy to configure them but with PIC micro-controllers you have to handle the hardware configuration part manually.

What is Big O ??? Big O notation is a technique used to describe the complexity of an algorithm. It is very useful when evaluating performance wise of different algorithms doing the same task. In this post, I'm not going deep into the programming side but let's take a code snippet as an example. In this code, we are trying to add up all the natural numbers up to 100. There are two algorithms doing the same job but they perform differently. #***********************# # Method 1 n = 100 sum = 0 for i in range ( 0 , n + 1 ): sum = sum + int (i) print sum #***********************# # Method 2 print str (n * (n + 1 ) / 2 ) #***********************#

What is Taylor Series ??? Taylor Series in simple terms, is a way of finding the value of a function at any point. To calculate and formulate the answer, all we need is the function value at a single point and the values of all its derivatives at that point . The general expression for Taylor Series is expressed as follows. $$f(x) = \sum_{k = 0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{k!}(x - a)^kf^k(a)$$ Note that we need to know what the function values are at $f(a)$, $f'(a)$, $f''(a)$, ...

Python Programming Assignments This is the second set of python assignments I found.

1 ♦ 0 = 0.a 0.a = 0.a 0.a = (0 + 0 ).a [ Since 0 is the additive identity ] 0.a = 0.a + 0.a [ Distributive Axiom ] -0.a + 0.a = -0.a + 0.a + 0.a [ Adding (-0.a) to both sides, the additive inverse of 0.a ] 0 = ( -0.a + 0.a ) + 0.a [ Associative Axiom ] 0 = 0 + 0.a 0 = 0.a [ Since 0 is the additive identity ] ♠ 2 ♦ -a = -1(a) (-a) = (-a) (-a) = (-a) + 0 [ Additive Identity ] (-a) = (-a) + 0.a [ Since 0 = 0.a (By above theorem (1)) ] (-a) = (-a) + ( 1 + (-1) ) a [ Additive Inverse of 1 ] (-a) = (-a) + ( 1.a + (-1)a ) [ Distributive Axiom ] (-a) = (-a) + ( a + (-1)a ) [ Multiplicative Identity ] (-a) = ( (-a) + a ) + (-1)a [ Associative Axiom ] (-a) = 0 + (-1)a [ Additive Identity ] (-a) = (-1)a [ Additive Identity ] ♠ 3 ♦ -(a + b) = (-a) + (-b) -(a + b) = -(a + b) –(a + b) = (-1)( a + b ) [ By above theorem (2) ] (-1)(a + b) = (-1)(a) + (-1)(b) [ Distributive Axiom ] -(a + b) = (...